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Ultrasound and CorrelativeImaging of Renal TransplantsMarch, 2012
Mindy M. Horrow, MD, FACR, FSRU, FAIUM
Director of Body Imaging
Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
Professor of Radiology
Thomas Jefferson University
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Outline
Introduction
Normal gray scale and Doppler evaluation
Collections
Infections
Vascular Complications: Renal Artery, RenalVein, AVF, PSA
Other: tumors, calcifications, hernias,miscellaneous
Pitfalls and Bonus Cases
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Clinical Perspective
Most effective primary treatment of CRF
Anticipated graft survival of 90 – 95%
New generation immunosuppressives (cyclosporin,tacrolilmus) reduce T-cell activation, improving graftsurvival by almost eliminating acute rejection
Demand for renal transplants greater thansupply
Extended donor supply with older kidneys, multiplerenal arteries, etc.
 Greater imaging challenges 
Cosgrove D, Chan K. USQ 2008;24:77-87
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Surgical Technique
Vascular supply from end-to-sideanastomosis of donor artery and vein toexternal iliac artery and vein.  If multiplearteries, usually joined with singleanastomosis to EIA
Ureter anastomosed to superolateral wall ofurinary bladder
En bloc transplant of a set or pediatrickidneys with caudal ends of IVC and Aortaanastomosed end-to-side to recipient's EIAand EIV, or with separate anastomoses
Usually extraperitoneal, right side preferred
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Grey Scale Evaluation
Usually parallel to incision with hiluminferiorly and posteriorly
Obtain longitudinal and transversemeasurements.  Usually hypertrophies~ 15% in first 2 weeks and mayincrease by 40% in first 6 months.
Absy. Br J Radiol 1987;60:525
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Grey Scale Evaluation
Because kidney is more superficial,pyramids are more easily visualized,accentuating the cortico-medullarydifferentiation.
Evaluate for any intrinsic pathology:calculi, tumors, etc.
Collections, hydronephrosis, urothelialthickening
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Doppler Evaluation
Screen and image with color/power Doppler,looking for focal and/or diffusehypoperfusion.
Obtain spectral traces of arcuate orinterlobar arteries in upper, mid and lowerpoles with appropriate factors.
Image and obtain spectral Doppler of mainrenal artery and vein and external iliac arteryand vein with attention to anastomoses
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P1010013
P1010015
Normal color andspectral Doppler
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9.jpg
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Double enbloc renal tx
Normal power Doppler of en bloc pediatrickidney transplants
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Normal Doppler Findings
Arteries- brisk upstroke, low resistance withnormal resistive index of 0.6 to 0.8.
Resistive Index= (Peak systole – End Diastole) / Peak Systole
Normal velocity main renal artery < 200cm/sec, RA/EIA velocity ration < 2
Veins- may be monophasic with continuousflow or demonstrate some pulsatility withcardiac cycle.
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Hydronephrosis
Obstruction is rare,though will usually beat UV junction fromstricture or intra-luminal lesion.
Mild dilatation may be2º increased urinevolume of sole kidney,decreased ureterictone, U-V reflux
1
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P1010011
P1010012
Lymphocele
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P1010016
P1010018
P1010019
Lymphocele with some pressure effect on kidney
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Day One after transplant
Superficial hematoma notappreciated on US
US 2
CT
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2.jpg
Inferior to kidney
Hydronephrosis secondary to stenoticureter with associated urinoma
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2.jpg
3.jpg
Intraperitoneal Transplant
Hemoperitoneum
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US 2.jpg
US1.jpg
CT 2.jpg
Gas containing peri-renal abscess
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3 pre.jpg
6 post.jpg
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Initial imaging
Imaging 1 day post biopsy
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CT w bleed compressing kidney 2.jpg
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Subcapsular hematoma causingelevated resistive index
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Fluid Collections
Post- operative hematomas- appearancedepends upon chronicity.
Urine leaks or urinomas-  due to anastomoticleaks or ureteric ischemia.  Appear well defined,anechoic with occasional hydronephrosis.  Mayuse radionuclide imaging to confirm nature ofcollection
Lymphoceles- occur 4 – 8 weeks after surgeryin 15%.  May obstruct ureter or veins.  Appearwell defined and either anechoic or with fineseptations.
Brown. Radiographics 2000;20:607
Park, etal. JUM 2007;26:615-633
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Parenchymal Pathology
Acute Tubular Necrosis
Rejection
Drug Nephrotoxicity
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Acute Tubular Necrosis
Occurs to some extent in all cadaverictransplants
Most common cause of delayed graft function(need for dialysis in 2 weeks post transplant)
Non-specific imaging features: normal orchanges in echogenicity, qualitativelydecreased color flow, RI may be normal orincreased.
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3
1
2
Acute Tubular Necrosis, 6 days aftertransplant
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Rejection
Hyperacute- rarely imaged since itoccurs during surgery
Acute- occurs in up to 40% in first fewweeks and is a poor long termprognostic indicator.
Similar US and radionuclide findings
US findings non-specific
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Normal kidney 9-29-06
Abnormal kidney 5-3-07
Increased size and urothelial thickening:Acute on Chronic Rejection
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CT 5-31-07 ax
CT sag
Patient on dialysis, anti-rejectionmedications withheld
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ax without densities
ax with densities
Severely enlarged, painful kidneywith marked urothelial thickening,required nephrectomy
(has potential for rupture)
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size 11-15
size 9-07
9-07
11-07
Baseline imaging                Repeat because of rising creatinine
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urothelial thickening
Doppler 9-07
main renal artery
renal vein
11-07
9-07
Acute Rejection: reversed diastolic flow,urothelial thickening, marked enlargement
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Chronic Rejection
Most common cause of late graft loss.
Progressive loss of renal functionbeginning 3 months after transplant.Patients with acute rejection arepredisposed.
US- Cortical thinning, mildhydronephrosis, prominent sinus fat,dystrophic calcifications, decreasedcolor, normal or increased RI.
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3
2
Chronic Rejection
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Chronic Rejection:progressive nephrocalcinosis
9-07
8-06
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Infections
Pyelonephritis
Pyonephrosis
Abscess
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Collins, Robt, renal tx pyelo 2
5 years after transplant with vomiting,dehydration and elevated creatinine
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Collins, Robt, renal tx pyelo 3
Collins, Robt, renal tx pyelo 4
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Collins, Robt, renal tx pyelo 5
Collins, Robt, renal tx pyelo 6
Pyelonephritis
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Emphys Pyelo in Tx-1
Emphys Pyelo in Tx-2
Swelling over region of one week oldtransplant with elevated creatinine
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Emphys Pyelo in Tx-3
Emphys Pyelo in Tx-4
Emphysematous Pyelonephritis
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ureter
sag 2
trv
Pyonephrosis
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P1010022
P1010023
Patient with fever,imaging with 5-2MHz transducer
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P1010024
P1010025
Imaging with 7-4 MHztransducer
P1010026
MultipleAbscesses
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new cystic area 6-06
fu 7-06
MR delayed enhancement septations
June
July
T2 with gadolinium
Renal Abscess drained percutaneously
CT, drained
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Vascular Complications
Renal Artery: thrombosis, stenosis, kink,pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula
Renal Vein: thrombosis, stenosis
Infarct
Steal phenomenon
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Brannen-RAT
Brannen-RAT
Immediatepost operativeUS
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Renal scan-no flow
Renal Artery Thrombosis
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Renal Artery Thrombosis
Occurs in < 1% typically within first month.
Most common cause is acute rejection withretrograde thrombosis of small to largearteries.
Other causes: pediatric kidneys, emboli,acquired stenosis, hypotension, vascularkink, hypercoagulable state, pooranastomosis, trauma
US: Absent arterial and venous flow inkidney and main renal artery.
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Mason RAS-1
Mason RAS-1
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Mason RAS-2
Parvus-tardus waveforms in arcuate arteries
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Mason-RAS-1
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Renal Artery Stenosis
Most common vascular complication in up to10% in first year.
Three possible sites:
Donor portion, typically at end-to-sideanastomosis
Recipient portion- more uncommon, fromintraoperative clamp or intrinsic atherosclerosis
At anastomosis- more frequent in end-to-endanastomoses
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US Findings of RAS
Parvus-tardus flow in intra-parenchymalvessels
Use color Doppler to locate stenosis.  Peaksystolic velocities > 200 cm/sec withturbulent flow.
False positive diagnoses may occur withabrupt turn in the main renal artery.
With chronic rejection, segmental renalartery stenoses may occur
Dodd. AJR 1991;128:1581
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Demetrios-2 AVF cois angiopl
Demetrios-2 AVF cois angiopl
Demetrios-2 AVF cois angiopl
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Demetrious-1 MRI with AVF
Early venous opacification impliesArteriovenous Fistula
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Demetrious-2 angio with RAS
Demetrious-3 angioplasty
Demetrious-4 angio w AVF
Angioplasty of stenosis reveals AVF
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Demetrious-5 coils
Demetrious-6 residual stenosis
Embolization of AVF with coils
Residual renal artery stenosis
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Demetrios-2 repeat
Demetrios-2 repeat
Demetrios-3 AVF cois angiopl RAS
Residual stenosis,coils and small infarct
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Wu-DAY 1 tech
Wu-DAY 1 me
Day One afterRenal TX
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Wu-DAY 2-a
Wu-DAY 2-a
Day Two
Day 2 arcuate waveform
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Wu-DAY 2-b
Wu-DAY 2-b
Renal Artery Kink
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Wu-DAY after repair
Wu-DAY after repair
S/P revision of renal artery
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Immediately after biopsy
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4 few days later, PSA.jpg
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2 days later
Pseudoaneurysm
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9 post coil US.jpg
Successful coil embolization
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kidtxp1
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kidtxp2
kidtxp3
Arteriovenous fistula andPseudoaneurysm
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AVF and PSA
Both are typically the result of trauma duringpercutaneous biopsy.
AVF- color shows focal area of mixed colorsoccasionally with feeding vessels.  AVMproduces vibrations which result in colorassigned to the perivascular tissues.
PSA- may appear as a simple cyst on greyscale imaging but with typical swirling arterialflow on Doppler
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1
4
3
A-V Fistula
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PSA 1.jpg
PSA 2.jpg
PSAS.jpg
Bacteremia
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angio 1.jpg
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Mycotic Aneurysms require stentthrombosis and sacrifice of kidney
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Flowers-infarct-1
Flowers-infarct-1
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Flowers-1
Renal Infarct
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Acute Renal Vein Thrombosis
CT 1
US 2
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P1010029
P1010031
 CFV w/o               CFV w
P1010032
P1010036
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P1010033
P1010034
P1010035
    Initial image           #1 thrombolysis       #2 thrombolysis
Renal vein thrombosis 2º stenosisof external iliac vein
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LT RVT-1
RT w A V flow
Immediate post-op imaging of en-blocpediatric kidneys
Medial kidney with renalvein thrombosis
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RT RVT-2
RT RVT-1
12 hours later
Lateral kidney withrenal vein thrombosis
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Venous Thrombosis
Occurs in up to 4% transplants
Sx: acute pain 2° swelling of kidney, oliguria infirst week
Causes: surgical difficulties, hypovolemia,femoral/iliac vein thrombosis, compression bycollections
US- absent venous flow, reversal of diastolic flowin artery.  Kidney may be enlarged, hypoechoic.
;295
Kaveggia.AJR 1990;155:295
Reuther.Radiology 1989;170:557
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Renal Vein Stenosis
Grey Scale- normal or hypoechoic
Color Doppler- aliasing at stenotic site
Spectral Doppler- 3 to 4 times increasein velocity across the region indicates ahemodynamically significant stenosis.
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main renal artery
Doppler  11-15
Doppler 9-07
9-18
11-15
11-30
size
size 9-07
size 11-15
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renal vein
urothelial thickening
normal color Doppler
11-30
Other images
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Reversed Diastolic Flow
Though commonly ascribed to renal vein thrombosis,actually a non-specific finding
Acute:  TX < 24 hours, graft survival likely withintervention.  Causes include renal vein thrombosis,hematoma, vascular kink.  Since kidney lacks venouscollateral drainage, infarction occurs rapidly requiringimmediate surgery
In more longstanding transplants causes include: ATNand rejection.  These kidneys faired very poorly withhigh rate of allograft loss.
Lockhart. AJR 2008;190:650-655
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RI pre and post compression
Color Post Compression
Pre-Compression Color
Patient with AV graft inipsilateral thigh, immediatecolor Doppler post surgery
Color Doppler duringcompression of graft
Steal Phenomenon
Chaudri, Horrow JUM 2006;25:939
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Other
Calcifications: calculi, medullaryand cortical nephrocalcinosis
Tumors
Hernia
Miscellaneous
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P1010044
P1010045
15 years posttransplant
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P1010048
P1010049
Medullary nephrocalcinosisand nephrolithiasis
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2
1
Early medullary nephrocalcinosis
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Donofrio-1
Donofrio-2
Biopsy proven renal cell carcinoma
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P1010050
Leiomyosarcoma of failed renal transplantwith cortical nephrocalcinosis
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DSCN0012
DSCN0028
DSCN0029
Images of left sided kidney
 from double renal
 transplant
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DSCN0013
Non-contrast CT confirms left renal calculus
Also demonstrates herniation at incision
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Color Doppler Twinkling Artifact
Described in 1996 by Rahmouni as an artifact ofalternating red and blue behind certainstationary objects.Spectral Doppler of artifact generates aheterogeneous broadband signal that appears toalias.Mainly associated with nephrolithiasisSpeculation that it is generated by roughsurfaces with multiple reflectors splitting beaminto components
Rahmouni, etal Radiology 1996;199:269
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5-16
2.jpg
4.jpg
3.jpg
8-31
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Hypercalcemic secondary to hyperparathyroidismwith early calculus formation requiringparathyroidectomy and medical therapy
5.jpg
6.jpg
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Calcification of urothelium
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1.jpg
2.jpg
Pain over transplant
Acute appendicitis
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DSCN0008
DSCN0009
DSCN0010
Incisional hernia containing bowel and fluid
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PITFALLSCASES
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improperly measured RI, should be 1
Is the resistive index measured correctly?
No- mirror image venous flow ismeasured as diastolic flow
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first study puls veins
first study high resist arts
Initial Bedside study
        MRA                                           MRV
first study iliac a
first study iliac v
EIA                                                     EIV
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improving art flow on FU
Follow Up Study
Pulsatile venous flow due to fluid overload,improves with medical therapy
normalization of venous flow on FU
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Day 1 Renal TX 1.jpg
Day 1 Renal TX 2.jpg
Day 1 Renal TX 3.jpg
Day 1
Day 2 Renal TX 1.jpg
Day 2 Renal TX 2.jpg
Day 2 Renal TX 5.jpg
Day 2
Pain over transplant
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much smaller immediate post tx.jpg
echogenic pedi kidney.jpg
Patient receives 2 pediatric transplants
5-2007
10-2007
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RA Doppler.jpg
Is this renal artery stenosis?
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no PT flow.jpg
Normal arcuate waveforms- no parvus tardus flow
High RA velocities due to high flowrate through small vessel
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BONUS CASES
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pre stent US 3 kidney w ureteral stent
pre stent US 1
pre stent US 2
Early post operative imagingin renal transplant with tworenal arteries
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iliac angio w stenosis
Iliac artery stenosis, proximal totransplant
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post stent renal w color
post stent Doppler 3
Re-imaging post stent placement
post stent Doppler
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kidney with asymmetric color
Re-imaging 2 months later with elevated creatinine
color trv sup
color trv mid
color trv inf
U
M
 L
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lower pole main RA
lower pole doppler
upper pole Renal A doppler
upper pole doppler
Lower pole Doppler
Upper pole Doppler
Interlobar
arteries
Mainarteries
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prox upper pole renal a doppler
angio RAS
Stenosis of upper pole renal artery
Origin upper pole artery
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4 post torsion 6510316.jpg
5 post torsion 6510316.jpg
6 post torsion.jpg
Few days later
1 pre US acc 6500240.jpg
2 pre.jpg
Initial post operative study
Torsion Renal Transplant
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1 pre US acc 6500240.jpg
2 pre.jpg
Initial study
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9 pre CT.jpg
10 post torsion CT.jpg
Pre CT                                          Post CT
12 US after detorsion.jpg
US after detorsion
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The End